Medicine; Containing active substance or substances, usually formulated with one or more excipients, which can be used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment or correction or modification of a function in humans, which can be used to modify or examine physiological systems or pathological conditions that change body functions when taken by a living organism. vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic substances.
Pharmacology or Pharmacology in Turkish (Ancient Greek: pharmakon: drug; logos: means science) is a science that examines the effects of drugs in living organisms (human or experimental animal) and the structure of drugs taken into living organisms.
The beneficial effects of drugs can be counted in three main ways, these are:
1- They affect states or functions related to somatic (Bodily/Physical) and psychic (Spiritual/Psychological) activities,
2- They replace the active substances, salts and fluids that are naturally produced in the human body or that must be taken from the outside, but which cause disease as a result of their deficiency,
3- They ensure that pathogenic microbes and parasites that enter the human body and cause disease or harmful substances formed in the body are destroyed or expelled.
Each drug mainly consists of two parts. These parts are as follows:
Part 1: Active substance, Main chemical substances showing physiological effect,
Part 2: Carriers are chemical substances that are used for easier uptake of the active substance and have no physiological effect.
We can group Drug Effects as follows:
1- Selectivity / Local Effect, the limited effect that occurs in the area where the drug is applied or when the drug only affects the cells or structures related to the purpose of use,
2- Systemic Effect is the general effect that the drug has on the organism after it mixes with the blood and spreads to the tissues.
3- Temporary effect: One of the important features of the drug effect is that the effect is temporary and the effect of the drug disappears after a short time when the drug is stopped.
We can count the effects of drugs on the body as pharmacodynamic effect (the effects of drugs in the body) and pharmacokinetic effects (the processes after the drug enters the body).
Absorption (absorption / bioavailability)
Distribution (transport)
Metabolism (altered / broken down)
Excretion (elimination / excretion / excretion)
1. Way of Administration of Medicines to the Patient
2. Form of Medicines
3. Patient’s Body Weight
4. Gender of the Patient
5. Patient’s Age
6. Environmental Conditions
7. Psychological Status of the Patient
8. Personal characteristics of the patient
9. Genetic Characteristics of the Patient
10. Existing Diseases of the Patient
11. Patient’s Cumulative Effect
12. Patient Stamina and Habits
13. Addictions of the patient, if any
14. Concentration of the Drug
15. Maintenance Treatment
16. Dose of the Drug Given to the Patient
17. Maximum dose
18. Offensive (initial) dose
19. Other drugs used by the patient
Medicines have three types of names; common name (generic), trade name, and chemical name. We can make the expansions as follows:
1. General Name / Generic Name: The general/generic names of drugs are determined and assigned by the World Health Organization. The general names of drugs are used in activities related to medicine, pharmacy and health, in education and training and in scientific publications, in order to easily understand and standardize communication at national and international level and thus to prevent mistakes.
2. Trade name / Brand name / Preparation Name: It is the special name given to the products produced by the company that finds or produces the drug for the first time or other companies that produce the preparations containing that drug. A drug can sometimes have more than one trade name.
3. Chemical / Scientific Name: Provides a complete description of the drug’s construction and molecular structure. It is the name that defines the chemical structure determined by the International Union of Chemistry (IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). It is difficult to use in practice, as it is a long and complex name.
Drugs can be classified in two ways. They are according to their pharmaceutical form and according to their therapeutic qualities.
Classification of Drugs According to Pharmaceutical Forms is as follows:
1. Solid Drug Forms
2. Liquid Medicine Forms
3. Two Phase Systems
4. d) Semi-Solid Drug Forms
5. Aerosols/Sprays
6. Parenteral Preparations (replacement therapy)
7. Radiopharmaceuticals
8. Controlled Release Systems
9. Other Preparations
10. Dressings and Surgical Supplies
Classification of Drugs According to Treatment Groups (Pharmacological Effects) is as follows:
1. Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics
2. Cardiovascular System Drugs
3. Drugs and Diuretics Affecting Water-Salt and Acid-Base Balance
4. Respiratory System Medications
5. Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System
6. Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System
7. Autoacoids and Antihistamines
8. Vitamins, Minerals and Combinations
9. Antianemic Drugs
10. Digestive System Medicines
11. Dermatological Medicines
Medicines are divided into 3 according to the way they are found in the pharmacy and the way they are written on the prescription;
1- Majistral drugs: It is a form of medicine that is not readily available, but is prepared in a prescription according to the formula prepared by the physician, and prepared by pharmacists in the pharmacy.
2-Officeal drugs: These are drugs that are prepared immediately in pharmacies according to the formulas written in the Codex and Pharmacopoeia, or kept in stock and formulated as a drug according to the prescription sent to the pharmacy and given to the patient.
3- Preparations / Ready-made Medicines: These are drugs that are prepared in a pharmaceutical laboratory or pharmaceutical factory after obtaining a production license from the Ministry of Health, and sold as prescription and non-prescription drugs, and are kept ready and sold in pharmacies.